Crystallization of calcite, aragonite, vaterite, otavite, strontianite, and witherite by CO2 diffusion technique between 10 and 30°C

In the present study CO2 diffusion through a polyethylene membrane induces a CO2 flux to crystallize calcite, aragonite, vaterite, otavite, strontianite, and witherite from an aqueous solution between 10° and 30°C. The applied CO2-diffusion-technique is used as a simple mixed flow reactor, where the CO2 flux may be varied by changing the thickness or type of the membrane, or by adjusting the chemical composition of the solution (e.g. pH, CO2(aq) or metal concentration). The CO2-diffusion-technique is used for the co-precipitation of trace elements with the above carbonate minerals for natural and applied systems.