Fire and explosion risks of new energy carrier vehicles in tunnels: latest findings and concepts for tunnel risk assessment framework implementation

Recent research on the frequencies and consequences of NEC events was integrated into a simplified Austrian Tunnel Risk Model event tree, demonstrating techniques to include NEC hazards in tunnel risk analysis. The adapted model shows BEVs have a negligible impact on overall risk, while CGH2 vehicles introduce significant uncertainties and new hazards, potentially increasing risk. These findings underscore the need for specific risk analysis and mitigation strategies for CGH2 vehicles and highlight the importance of continued research and real-world data collection to ensure the safe integration of NECs in road tunnels.