Development of a Digital Interface for Personalized Dosing in Renal Impaired Patients: A Case-Study Using the ACE-Inhibitor Benazepril

BACKGROUND: Personalized dosing regimens have great potential to improve the standard level of care from "one-fits-all" to the "right dose, to the right patient at the right time". OBJECTIVES: Development of a digital interface that can inform healthcare professionals on the dosing of an ACE inhibitor on an individual basis. METHODS: A physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model and a one-compartment model were implemented for the prodrug benazepril and its metabolite benazeprilat, respectively. In sequence, to capture inter-individual differences the models were extended to a population based one (PopPBPK). RESULTS: Both models predicted the pharmacokinetic data in the observed ranges. Application of the models help identify the factors influencing drug concentrations in the body and to find subgroups of patients, in which a dose adjustment is recommended, or a higher degree of caution is required. CONCLUSION: The use of the models via a practical user interface can help inform clinical decisions and design optimal dosing based on the individual anthropometric characteristics and stage of renal impairment.