TY - JOUR
T1 - In-line analysis of organ-on-chip systems with sensors
T2 - Integration, fabrication, challenges, and potential
AU - Fuchs, Stefanie
AU - Johansson, Sofia
AU - Tjell, Anders
AU - Werr, Gabriel
AU - Mayr, Torsten
AU - Tenje, Maria
N1 - Funding Information:
We sincerely thank Dr. Susan Peacock (Uppsala University) for manuscript proofreading. The financial support of S.F., A.O.T., and G.W., provided within the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie project "EUROoC-Interdisciplinary training network for advancing Organ-on-chip technology in Europe" (grant agreement no. 812954), is gratefully acknowledged. S.J. and M.T. acknowledge funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement no. 757444).
Funding Information:
We sincerely thank Dr. Susan Peacock (Uppsala University) for manuscript proofreading. The financial support of S.F., A.Ø.T., and G.W., provided within the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie project “EUROoC–Interdisciplinary training network for advancing Organ-on-chip technology in Europe” (grant agreement no. 812954), is gratefully acknowledged. S.J. and M.T. acknowledge funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement no. 757444).
Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 The Authors.
PY - 2021/7/12
Y1 - 2021/7/12
N2 - Organ-on-chip systems are promising new in vitro research tools in medical, pharmaceutical, and biological research. Their main benefit, compared to standard cell culture platforms, lies in the improved in vivo resemblance of the cell culture environment. A critical aspect of these systems is the ability to monitor both the cell culture conditions and biological responses of the cultured cells, such as proliferation and differentiation rates, release of signaling molecules, and metabolic activity. Today, this is mostly done using microscopy techniques and off-chip analytical techniques and assays. Integrating in situ analysis methods on-chip enables improved time resolution, continuous measurements, and a faster read-out; hence, more information can be obtained from the developed organ and disease models. Integrated electrical, electrochemical, and optical sensors have been developed and used for chemical analysis in lab-on-a-chip systems for many years, and recently some of these sensing principles have started to find use in organ-on-chip systems as well. This perspective review describes the basic sensing principles, sensor fabrication, and sensor integration in organ-on-chip systems. The review also presents the current state of the art of integrated sensors and discusses future potential. We bring a technological perspective, with the aim of introducing in-line sensing and its promise to advance organ-on-chip systems and the challenges that lie in the integration to researchers without expertise in sensor technology.
AB - Organ-on-chip systems are promising new in vitro research tools in medical, pharmaceutical, and biological research. Their main benefit, compared to standard cell culture platforms, lies in the improved in vivo resemblance of the cell culture environment. A critical aspect of these systems is the ability to monitor both the cell culture conditions and biological responses of the cultured cells, such as proliferation and differentiation rates, release of signaling molecules, and metabolic activity. Today, this is mostly done using microscopy techniques and off-chip analytical techniques and assays. Integrating in situ analysis methods on-chip enables improved time resolution, continuous measurements, and a faster read-out; hence, more information can be obtained from the developed organ and disease models. Integrated electrical, electrochemical, and optical sensors have been developed and used for chemical analysis in lab-on-a-chip systems for many years, and recently some of these sensing principles have started to find use in organ-on-chip systems as well. This perspective review describes the basic sensing principles, sensor fabrication, and sensor integration in organ-on-chip systems. The review also presents the current state of the art of integrated sensors and discusses future potential. We bring a technological perspective, with the aim of introducing in-line sensing and its promise to advance organ-on-chip systems and the challenges that lie in the integration to researchers without expertise in sensor technology.
KW - ECIS
KW - Electrochemical sensors
KW - Microphysiological systems
KW - Optical sensors
KW - TEER
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85110101966&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c01110
DO - 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c01110
M3 - Review article
C2 - 34133114
AN - SCOPUS:85110101966
SN - 2373-9878
VL - 7
SP - 2926
EP - 2948
JO - ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering
JF - ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering
IS - 7
ER -