Orientation-dependent electromechanical properties of Mn-doped (Li,Na,K)(Nb,Ta)O₃ single crystals

Orientation and temperature dependence of dielectric and electromechanical properties of Mn-doped (Li,Na,K)(Nb,Ta)O₃ single crystals were investigated. Samples exhibited very low dielectric losses, with tanδ between 0.03 and 0.05 over a broad temperature range between room temperature and 480 °C. Influences of the crystallographic structure and external electric field on polarization and strain parameters are discussed. The orientation-dependent electrical properties were ascribed to the anisotropic polarization rotation in the crystals. Higher maximum polarization, coercive field, and negative strain were achieved when the electric field was oriented along one of the spontaneous polarization directions. The highest maximum unipolar strain of 0.42% (at 3 kV/mm) and the normalized strain d₃₃ ^∗ of 1391 pm/V were obtained in the [001]_PC-oriented sample at 100 °C, which was much higher than the values obtained for the [110]_PC-oriented sample. Further insight of the phase transition behavior is given by comparing the temperature-dependence of the small- and large-signal dielectric and piezoelectric properties. The observed changes are rationalized by the different increase rates of the dielectric permittivity and piezoelectric coefficients with temperature.