TY - JOUR
T1 - Regulation of TORC2 Function and Localization in Yeast
AU - Emmerstorfer-Augustin, Anita
AU - Thorner, Jeremy
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2023 by the author(s).
PY - 2023/10/16
Y1 - 2023/10/16
N2 - Every eukaryotic cell contains two distinct multisubunit protein kinase complexes that each contain a TOR (target of rapamycin) protein as the catalytic subunit. These ensembles, designated TORC1 and TORC2, serve as nutrient and stress sensors, signal integrators, and regulators of cell growth and homeostasis, but they differ in their composition, localization, and function. TORC1, activated on the cytosolic surface of the vacuole (or, in mammalian cells, on the cytosolic surface of the lysosome), promotes biosynthesis and suppresses autophagy. TORC2, located primarily at the plasma membrane (PM), maintains the proper levels and bilayer distribution of all PM components (sphingolipids, glycerophospholipids, sterols, and integral membrane proteins), which are needed for the membrane expansion that accompanies cell growth and division and for combating insults to PM integrity. This review summarizes our current understanding of the assembly, structural features, subcellular distribution, and function and regulation of TORC2, obtained largely through studies conducted with Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB - Every eukaryotic cell contains two distinct multisubunit protein kinase complexes that each contain a TOR (target of rapamycin) protein as the catalytic subunit. These ensembles, designated TORC1 and TORC2, serve as nutrient and stress sensors, signal integrators, and regulators of cell growth and homeostasis, but they differ in their composition, localization, and function. TORC1, activated on the cytosolic surface of the vacuole (or, in mammalian cells, on the cytosolic surface of the lysosome), promotes biosynthesis and suppresses autophagy. TORC2, located primarily at the plasma membrane (PM), maintains the proper levels and bilayer distribution of all PM components (sphingolipids, glycerophospholipids, sterols, and integral membrane proteins), which are needed for the membrane expansion that accompanies cell growth and division and for combating insults to PM integrity. This review summarizes our current understanding of the assembly, structural features, subcellular distribution, and function and regulation of TORC2, obtained largely through studies conducted with Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
KW - endosomes
KW - phosphoinositides
KW - phosphorylation
KW - plasma membrane
KW - PM
KW - protein kinase
KW - subunits
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85175294685&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-011723-030346
DO - 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-011723-030346
M3 - Review article
C2 - 37339679
AN - SCOPUS:85175294685
SN - 1081-0706
VL - 39
SP - 363
EP - 389
JO - Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology
JF - Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology
ER -