Ultrastructural changes in esophageal tissue undergoing stretch tests with possible impact on tissue engineering and long gap esophageal repairs performed under tension

Esophageal biomechanical studies are being performed to understand structural changes resulting from stretches during repair of esophageal atresias as well as to obtain biomechanical values for tissue-engineered esophagus. The present study offers insights into ultrastructural changes after stretching of the ovine esophagus using uniaxial stretch tests. In vitro uniaxial stretching was performed on esophagi (n = 16) obtained from the abattoir within 4–6 h of 1-month-old lambs. Esophagi were divided into 4 groups (4 esophagi/group): control, Group1 (G1), Group2 (G2), Group3 (G3) stretched to 20%, 30% and 40% of their original length respectively. Force and lengthening were measured with 5 cycles performed on every specimen. Transmission electron microscopic (TEM) studies were performed on the 4 groups. During observational TEM study of the control group there were no significant differences in muscle cell structure or extracellular matrix. In all stretched groups varying degrees of alterations were identified. The degree of damage correlated linearly with the increasing level of stretch. Distance between the cells showed significant difference between the groups (control (μ = 0.41 μm, SD = 0.26), G1 (μ = 1.36 μm, SD = 1.21), G2 (μ = 2.8 μm, SD = 1.83), and G3 (μ = 3.01 μm, SD = 2.06). The diameter of the cells (control μ = 19.87 μm, SD = 3.81; G1 μ = 20.38 μm, SD = 4.45; G2 μ = 21.7 μm, SD = 6.58; G3 μ = 24.48 μm, SD = 6.69) and the distance between myofibrils (control μ = 0.23 μm, SD = 0.08; G1 μ = 0.27 μm, SD = 0.08; G2 μ = 0.4 μm, SD = 0.15; G3 μ = 0.61 μm, SD = 0.2) were significantly different as well (p < 0.05 was considered to be significant). Esophageal stretching > 30% alters the regular intracellular and extracellular structure of the esophageal muscle and leads to disruption of intra- and extracellular bonds. These findings could provide valuable insights into alterations in the microscopic structure of the esophagus in esophageal atresias repaired under tension as well as the basis for mechanical characterization for tissue engineering of the esophagus.