TY - JOUR
T1 - Variability of solar/stellar activity and magnetic field and its influence on planetary atmosphere evolution
AU - Lammer, Helmut
AU - Güdel, Manuel
AU - Kulikov, Yuri
AU - Ribas, Ignasi
AU - Zaqarashvili, Teimuraz V.
AU - Khodachenko, Maxim L.
AU - Kislyakova, Kristina G.
AU - Gröller, Hannes
AU - Odert, Petra
AU - Leitzinger, Martin
AU - Fichtinger, Bibiana
AU - Krauss, Sandro
AU - Hausleitner, Walter
AU - Holmström, Mats
AU - Sanz-Forcada, Jorge
AU - Lichtenegger, Herbert
AU - Hanslmeier, Arnold
AU - Shematovich, Valery
AU - Bisikalo, Dmitry
AU - Rauer, Heike
AU - Fridlund, Malcolm
N1 - Funding Information:
Acknowledgments. This research is supported by the Helmholtz Association through the research alliance “Planetary Evolution and Life.” The authors also acknowledge support from the European Science Foundation (ESF) and the Europlanet Networking activity Na1 (Observational Infrastructure Networking), and Science Networking Na2 working group (WG4 and WG5) activities. The authors also acknowledge support from the Austrian FWF (Wissenschaftsfond) via projects FWF I 199-N16, P21197-N16, as well as P22950-N16 and acknowledge also the RFBR project 09-02-91002 ANF a. K. G. Kislyakova also acknowledges support by the RFBR project 08-02-00119 a, by the project NK-21P of the Education Ministry of the Russian Federation and by the EU grant #228319 in the framework of the Project Europlanet RI-FP7. This work was also carried out under the support by the Interna- tional Space Science Institute (ISSI, Bern, Switzerland) and the ISSI team “Evolution of exoplanet atmospheres and their characterization”. Finally the authors want to thank two anonymous referees for their comments and suggestions which helped to improve the manuscript.
PY - 2012
Y1 - 2012
N2 - It is shown that the evolution of planetary atmospheres can only be understood if one recognizes the fact that the radiation and particle environment of the Sun or a planet's host star were not always on the same level as at present. New insights and the latest observations and research regarding the evolution of the solar radiation, plasma environment and solar/stellar magnetic field derived from the observations of solar proxies with different ages will be given. We show that the extreme radiation and plasma environments of the young Sun/stars have important implications for the evolution of planetary atmospheres and may be responsible for the fact that planets with low gravity like early Mars most likely never build up a dense atmosphere during the first few 100 Myr after their origin. Finally we present an innovative new idea on how hydrogen clouds and energetic neutral atom (ENA) observations around transiting Earth-like exoplanets by space observatories such as the WSO-UV, can be used for validating the addressed atmospheric evolution studies. Such observations would enhance our understanding on the impact on the activity of the young Sun on the early atmospheres of Venus, Earth, Mars and other Solar System bodies as well as exoplanets.
AB - It is shown that the evolution of planetary atmospheres can only be understood if one recognizes the fact that the radiation and particle environment of the Sun or a planet's host star were not always on the same level as at present. New insights and the latest observations and research regarding the evolution of the solar radiation, plasma environment and solar/stellar magnetic field derived from the observations of solar proxies with different ages will be given. We show that the extreme radiation and plasma environments of the young Sun/stars have important implications for the evolution of planetary atmospheres and may be responsible for the fact that planets with low gravity like early Mars most likely never build up a dense atmosphere during the first few 100 Myr after their origin. Finally we present an innovative new idea on how hydrogen clouds and energetic neutral atom (ENA) observations around transiting Earth-like exoplanets by space observatories such as the WSO-UV, can be used for validating the addressed atmospheric evolution studies. Such observations would enhance our understanding on the impact on the activity of the young Sun on the early atmospheres of Venus, Earth, Mars and other Solar System bodies as well as exoplanets.
KW - Atmosphere evolution
KW - ENAs
KW - PLATO
KW - Solar activity
KW - Solar proxies
KW - Solar wind
KW - WSO-UV
KW - Young Sun
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84876354802&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.5047/eps.2011.04.002
DO - 10.5047/eps.2011.04.002
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:84876354802
SN - 1343-8832
VL - 64
SP - 179
EP - 199
JO - Earth, Planets and Space
JF - Earth, Planets and Space
IS - 2
ER -