Open Innovation Cultures

Multiple sectors are experiencing high uncertainty in terms of disruptive technologies and market changes. Continuous uncertainty in business evolution is triggering the need for concepts that explore distributed and open innovation, networking effects, and ambidexterity approaches. Therefore, open innovation, a term that is used to promote a mindset toward innovation that runs against the silo mentality and closed innovation of traditional corporates, is used frequently in multiple research areas. Nevertheless, these different research areas identify and specify open innovation in different ways. Therefore, this paper will concentrate on open innovation effects and implications from the different research perspectives of (a) the societal level, (b) the organizational level, (c) the human resource and (informal) leadership level, and (d) the engineering technology level perspective. The work establishes a basic mutual understanding of insights into open innovation from different research focuses.